Black Cells: All black cells must be connected to form a single continuous region.
2x2 Restriction: No 2x2 area in the grid can be filled completely with black cells.
Numbered Clues: Cells with numbers (clue cells) must remain empty. The number indicates the number of consecutive black cells in its eight surrounding cells.
Multiple Number Clues: If there are multiple numbers in a clue cell, the black cell blocks represented by these numbers must be separated by at least one white cell.
Question Marks: Question marks can replace numbers in clue cells and represent any non-zero positive integer.
Tapa puzzles require logical reasoning skills to fill in black cells gradually by analyzing number clues and grid restrictions to complete the entire puzzle. Mastering the above techniques and developing a habit of careful observation will help improve Tapa puzzle-solving efficiency.